COVID-19, thrombosis and anticoagulation (WP4927)
Homo sapiens
Several hospitals and researchers have reported links between thrombosis and anticoagulation quite regularly for COVID-19 patients. This pathways combines this information, including biological mechanisms involved, in one graphical overview. The D-dimer is one of the protein fragments produced when a blood clot dissolves within the (human) body; when not properly degraded could lead to thrombosis. The graphical visualisation of (crosslinked) fibrin mesh leading to D-dimers is inspired by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-dimer Wikipedia].
Authors
Denise Slenter , Egon Willighagen , Friederike Ehrhart , and Eric WeitzActivity
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Organisms
Homo sapiensCommunities
COVID-19Annotations
Disease Ontology
severe acute respiratory syndrome COVID-19 thrombosis blood coagulation diseasePathway Ontology
disease pathwayCell Type Ontology
hepatocyte| Label | Type | Compact URI | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|
| Leupeptin | Metabolite | chebi:6426 | |
| Chloroquine | Metabolite | chebi:3638 | |
| Lactacystin | Metabolite | chebi:52722 | |
| NH4Cl | Metabolite | chebi:31206 | |
| MG132 | Metabolite | pubchem.compound:462382 | |
| Fibrinogen | Metabolite | wikidata:Q381899 | Fibrinogen is a so-called Acute Phase Reactant, a class of proteins whose plasma concentrations increase or decrease at least 25 percent during inflammation. |
| Fibrinogen | Metabolite | wikidata:Q381899 | |
| Fibrin | Metabolite | wikidata:Q27205 | |
| Fibrin degradation products (FDPs) | Metabolite | wikidata:Q2162109 | |
| Fibrin | Metabolite | wikidata:Q27205 | |
| Fibrin | Metabolite | wikidata:Q27205 | |
| Fibrin | Metabolite | wikidata:Q27205 | |
| Fibrin | Metabolite | wikidata:Q27205 | |
| Fibrin | Metabolite | wikidata:Q27205 | |
| Fibrin | Metabolite | wikidata:Q27205 | |
| Fibrin | Metabolite | wikidata:Q27205 | |
| D-Dimer | Metabolite | wikidata:Q198526 | |
| Leupeptin | Metabolite | chebi:6426 | |
| MG132 | Metabolite | pubchem.compound:462382 | |
| MG132 | Metabolite | pubchem.compound:462382 | |
| FGA | GeneProduct | ncbigene:2243 | |
| FGB | GeneProduct | ncbigene:2244 | |
| FGG | GeneProduct | ncbigene:2266 | |
| FGG | GeneProduct | ncbigene:2266 | |
| FGA | GeneProduct | ncbigene:2243 | |
| FGB | GeneProduct | ncbigene:2244 | |
| FGB (Bβ) | Protein | uniprot:P02675 | 'FGB is not alternatively spliced' |
| Plasmin | Protein | uniprot:P00747 | |
| FGG (γ) | Protein | uniprot:P02679 | 'fibrinogen gamma chain (also termed the γ chain) encoded by the FGG gene' |
| FGB (Bβ) | Protein | uniprot:P02675 | 'the fibrinogen beta chain (also termed the Bβ or β chain) encoded by the FGB gene' |
| FGA (Aα) | Protein | uniprot:P02671 | 'fibrinogen alpha chain (also termed the Aα or α chain) encoded by the FGA gene' |
| FGA (AαE) | Protein | ncbiprotein:NP_000499.1 | 'Alternate splicing of the FGA gene produces a minor expanded isoform of Aα termed AαE which replaces Aα in 1–3% of circulating fibrinogen' |
| Factor XIII A chain | Protein | uniprot:P00488 | Catalytically active |
| Thrombin | Protein | uniprot:P00734 | |
| Factor XIII B chain | Protein | uniprot:P05160 | Not catalytically active, believed to stabilise A chain |
| FGG (γ') | Protein | ncbiprotein:NP_068656.2 | 'alternate splicing of FGG produces a minor isoform of γ termed γ' which replaces γ in 8–10% of circulating fibrinogen' |
| FGG (γ) | Protein | uniprot:P02679 | 'fibrinogen gamma chain (also termed the γ chain) encoded by the FGG gene' |
| FGB (Bβ) | Protein | uniprot:P02675 | 'the fibrinogen beta chain (also termed the Bβ or β chain) encoded by the FGB gene' |
| FGA (Aα) | Protein | uniprot:P02671 | 'fibrinogen alpha chain (also termed the Aα or α chain) encoded by the FGA gene' |
| FGG (γ) | Protein | uniprot:P02679 | 'fibrinogen gamma chain (also termed the γ chain) encoded by the FGG gene' |
| FGB (Bβ) | Protein | uniprot:P02675 | 'the fibrinogen beta chain (also termed the Bβ or β chain) encoded by the FGB gene' |
| FGA (Aα) | Protein | uniprot:P02671 | 'fibrinogen alpha chain (also termed the Aα or α chain) encoded by the FGA gene' |
| FGA (Aα) | Protein | uniprot:P02671 | 'fibrinogen alpha chain (also termed the Aα or α chain) encoded by the FGA gene' |
| FGG (γ) | Protein | uniprot:P02679 | 'fibrinogen gamma chain (also termed the γ chain) encoded by the FGG gene' |
| FGB (Bβ) | Protein | uniprot:P02675 | 'the fibrinogen beta chain (also termed the Bβ or β chain) encoded by the FGB gene' |
| FGG (γ) | Protein | uniprot:P02679 | 'fibrinogen gamma chain (also termed the γ chain) encoded by the FGG gene' |
| FGA (Aα) | Protein | uniprot:P02671 | 'fibrinogen alpha chain (also termed the Aα or α chain) encoded by the FGA gene' |
| FGG (γ) | Protein | uniprot:P02679 | 'fibrinogen gamma chain (also termed the γ chain) encoded by the FGG gene' |
| FGB (Bβ) | Protein | uniprot:P02675 | 'the fibrinogen beta chain (also termed the Bβ or β chain) encoded by the FGB gene' |
| FGA (Aα) | Protein | uniprot:P02671 | 'fibrinogen alpha chain (also termed the Aα or α chain) encoded by the FGA gene' |
| FGG (γ) | Protein | uniprot:P02679 | 'fibrinogen gamma chain (also termed the γ chain) encoded by the FGG gene' |
| FGB (Bβ) | Protein | uniprot:P02675 | 'the fibrinogen beta chain (also termed the Bβ or β chain) encoded by the FGB gene' |
| FGA (Aα) | Protein | uniprot:P02671 | 'fibrinogen alpha chain (also termed the Aα or α chain) encoded by the FGA gene' |
| FGG (γ) | Protein | uniprot:P02679 | 'fibrinogen gamma chain (also termed the γ chain) encoded by the FGG gene' |
| FGB (Bβ) | Protein | uniprot:P02675 | 'the fibrinogen beta chain (also termed the Bβ or β chain) encoded by the FGB gene' |
| FGA (Aα) | Protein | uniprot:P02671 | 'fibrinogen alpha chain (also termed the Aα or α chain) encoded by the FGA gene' |
| FGG (γ) | Protein | uniprot:P02679 | 'fibrinogen gamma chain (also termed the γ chain) encoded by the FGG gene' |
| FGB (Bβ) | Protein | uniprot:P02675 | 'the fibrinogen beta chain (also termed the Bβ or β chain) encoded by the FGB gene' |
| FGA (Aα) | Protein | uniprot:P02671 | 'fibrinogen alpha chain (also termed the Aα or α chain) encoded by the FGA gene' |
| FGG (γ) | Protein | uniprot:P02679 | 'fibrinogen gamma chain (also termed the γ chain) encoded by the FGG gene' |
| FGB (Bβ) | Protein | uniprot:P02675 | 'the fibrinogen beta chain (also termed the Bβ or β chain) encoded by the FGB gene' |
| FGA (Aα) | Protein | uniprot:P02671 | 'fibrinogen alpha chain (also termed the Aα or α chain) encoded by the FGA gene' |
| FGG (γ) | Protein | uniprot:P02679 | 'fibrinogen gamma chain (also termed the γ chain) encoded by the FGG gene' |
| FGB (Bβ) | Protein | uniprot:P02675 | 'the fibrinogen beta chain (also termed the Bβ or β chain) encoded by the FGB gene' |
| FGA (Aα) | Protein | uniprot:P02671 | 'fibrinogen alpha chain (also termed the Aα or α chain) encoded by the FGA gene' |
| FGG (γ) | Protein | uniprot:P02679 | 'fibrinogen gamma chain (also termed the γ chain) encoded by the FGG gene' |
| FGG (γ) | Protein | uniprot:P02679 | 'fibrinogen gamma chain (also termed the γ chain) encoded by the FGG gene' |
| FGA (Aα) | Protein | uniprot:P02671 | 'fibrinogen alpha chain (also termed the Aα or α chain) encoded by the FGA gene' |
| FGG (γ) | Protein | uniprot:P02679 | 'fibrinogen gamma chain (also termed the γ chain) encoded by the FGG gene' |
| FGB (Bβ) | Protein | uniprot:P02675 | 'the fibrinogen beta chain (also termed the Bβ or β chain) encoded by the FGB gene' |
References
- A unique proteolytic fragment of human fibrinogen containing the A alpha COOH-terminal domain of the native molecule. Kirschbaum NE, Budzynski AZ. J Biol Chem. 1990 Aug 15;265(23):13669–76. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Synthetic peptides bind to high-affinity thrombin receptors and modulate thrombin mitogenesis. Glenn KC, Frost GH, Bergmann JS, Carney DH. Pept Res. 1988;1(2):65–73. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Amino acid sequence of the b subunit of human factor XIII, a protein composed of ten repetitive segments. Ichinose A, McMullen BA, Fujikawa K, Davie EW. Biochemistry. 1986 Aug 12;25(16):4633–8. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Fibrinogen biosynthesis. Assembly, intracellular degradation, and association with lipid synthesis and secretion. Redman CM, Xia H. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2001;936:480–95. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- D-dimer antigen: current concepts and future prospects. Adam SS, Key NS, Greenberg CS. Blood. 2009 Mar 26;113(13):2878–87. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Factor XIII: a coagulation factor with multiple plasmatic and cellular functions. Muszbek L, Bereczky Z, Bagoly Z, Komáromi I, Katona É. Physiol Rev. 2011 Jul;91(3):931–72. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Coagulation Factor XIIIA Subunit Missense Mutations Affect Structure and Function at the Various Steps of Factor XIII Action. Thomas A, Biswas A, Dodt J, Philippou H, Hethershaw E, Ensikat HJ, et al. Hum Mutat. 2016 Oct;37(10):1030–41. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- COVID-19 and its implications for thrombosis and anticoagulation. Connors JM, Levy JH. Blood. 2020 Jun 4;135(23):2033–40. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Mild versus severe COVID-19: Laboratory markers. Velavan TP, Meyer CG. Int J Infect Dis. 2020 Jun;95:304–7. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia