Galanin receptor pathway (WP4970)

Homo sapiens

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Galanin, a 29-30 amino acid neuropeptide named to be so, as a glycine residue occupies the position at N-terminal and an alanine residue at C-terminal. Galanin is expressed in the central and peripheral nervous systems in mammals. The galanin family of peptides includes GMAP (galanin message associated peptide), GALP (galanin-like peptide), and its splice variant alarin along with galanin. There are three known G-protein coupled receptor subtypes of galanin: GALR1, GALR2, and GALR3. Galaninergic signaling is predominantly inhibitory which mainly involves MAPK, AKT, and AC pathways. Galanin peptides have a wide range of non-neuronal functions as well as classic neuromodulatory roles, so they are often considered regulatory peptides. Galanin in general is associated with several biological functions such as arousal and sleep regulation, nociception, learning, inflammation, feeding, and neuroendocrine regulation. It is also implicated in diseases like Alzheimer's, depression, epilepsy, mood disorders, stress, anxiety, diabetes mellitus, and chronic pain. The creation of this pathway is described in [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33136286/ Gopalakrishnan et al.]

Authors

Dr. T. S. Keshava Prasad , Kristina Hanspers , Martina Summer-Kutmon , Egon Willighagen , and Eric Weitz

Activity

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Cited In

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Organisms

Homo sapiens

Communities

Annotations

Disease Ontology

nervous system disease

Pathway Ontology

signaling pathway

Participants
Query Drugst.One

Label Type Compact URI Comment
SLC2A4 Protein ncbigene:6517 [Pubmed:27127795] have shown that M617 stimulates GalR1 and induces upregulation of SLC2A4 in total cell membrane and plasma membrane fractions of Male Wistar Rats adipocytes.
[Pubmed:27410235] have shown that M617 stimulates GALR1 and induces upregulation of SLC2A4 in plasma membrane of myocytes in diabetic rats.
[Pubmed: 27041232] have shown that M617 stimulates GALR1 and induces upregulation of SLC2A4 in plasma membranes of skeletal muscles in diabetic rats.
CRP Protein ncbigene:1401 [Pubmed:27127795] have shown that M617 stimulates GalR1 and induces downregulation of plasma CRP in Male Wistar Rats adipocytes.
FOS Protein ncbigene:2353 [Pubmed:19272414]have shown that GAL stimulates GALR1 and induces the activation of FOS in Locus coeruleus of C57BL6/J mice brain.
[Pubmed:25405608] have shown that GAL stimulates GalR1 and  induces the upregulation of FOS in dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus of Male Wistar-Han rat.
INS Protein ncbigene:3630 [Pubmed:27041232] have shown that M617 stimulates GALR1 and induces downregulation of INS in diabetic rats.
[Pubmed:27410235] have shown that M617 stimulates GALR1 and induces downregulation of INS in blood of diabetic rats.
[Pubmed:25690510] have shown that NAX-5055 stimulates GALR1 and induces downregulation of INS in CF-1 mice.
[Pubmed:25449850] have shown that M617 stimulates GALR1 and induces downregulation of INS in cardiac muscle of diabetic and normal Male Wistar rats.
YAP1 Protein ncbigene:10413 [Pubmed:28196718] have shown that GAL or M617 stimulates GALR1 and induces upregulation of YAP1 in Male Sprague-Dawley rats
CDKN1C Protein ncbigene:1028 [Pubmed: 19276245] have shown that GAL stimulates GALR2 and induces upregulation of CDKN1C in serum starved UM-SCC-1-GALR2 cells with mutant p53.
POMC Protein ncbigene:5443 [Pubmed:19272414]have shown that GAL stimulates GALR1 and induces downregulation of POMC in C57BL6/J mice.
SLC2A4 Protein ncbigene:6517 [Pubmed: 27041232] have shown that M617 stimulates GALR1 and induces the transport of SLC2A4 from cytoplasm to plasma membrane in skeletal muscle of diabetic rat
IL6 Protein ncbigene:3569 [Pubmed:24568968] have shown that GAL stimulates GALR2 and induces the upregulation of IL6 in UM-SCC-1 and UM-SCC-81B SSCHN cell lines.
ADIPOQ Protein ncbigene:9370 [Pubmed:27127795] have shown that M617 stimulates GALR1 and induces upregulation of ADIPOQ in Male Wistar Rat adipocytes.
BCL2L11 Protein ncbigene:10018 [Pubmed:24168112] have shown that GAL stimulates GALR2 and induces upregulation of BCL211 in HEp-2 cell line.
VEGFA Protein ncbigene:7422 [Pubmed:24568968] have shown that GAL stimulates GALR2 and induces the upregulation of VEGFA in UM-SCC-1 and UM-SCC-81B SSCHN cell lines.
VAMP2 Protein ncbigene:6844 [Pubmed:27410235] have shown that M617 stimulates GALR1 and induces upregulation of VAMP2 in diabetic rats.
CDKN1A Protein ncbigene:1026 [Pubmed:18272487] have shown that GAL stimulates GALR2 and induces downregulation of CDKN1A in PC12-GALR2 transfected cells.
PPARG Protein ncbigene:5468 [Pubmed: 27410235] have shown that M617 stimulates GALR1 and induces upregulation of PPARG in diabetic rats.
CDKN1B Protein ncbigene:1027 [Pubmed: 19276245] have shown that GAL stimulates GALR2 and induces upregulation of CDNK1B in serum starved UM-SCC-1-GALR2 cells with mutant p53 gene.
CREB1 Protein ncbigene:1385

References

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  3. The galanin receptor type 2 initiates multiple signaling pathways in small cell lung cancer cells by coupling to G(q), G(i) and G(12) proteins. Wittau N, Grosse R, Kalkbrenner F, Gohla A, Schultz G, Gudermann T. Oncogene. 2000 Aug 31;19(37):4199–209. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  4. Visualization of a functionally enhanced GFP-tagged galanin R2 receptor in PC12 cells: constitutive and ligand-induced internalization. Xia S, Kjaer S, Zheng K, Hu PS, Bai L, Jia JY, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Oct 19;101(42):15207–12. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
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  6. Galanin and galanin-like peptide modulate neurite outgrowth via protein kinase C-mediated activation of extracellular signal-related kinase. Hawes JJ, Narasimhaiah R, Picciotto MR. Eur J Neurosci. 2006 Jun;23(11):2937–46. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
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  13. Diet-induced obesity regulates the galanin-mediated signaling cascade in the adipose tissue of mice. Kim A, Park T. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2010 Sep;54(9):1361–70. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  14. Functional importance of inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate-induced intracellular Ca2+ mobilization in galanin-induced microglial migration. Ifuku M, Okuno Y, Yamakawa Y, Izumi K, Seifert S, Kettenmann H, et al. J Neurochem. 2011 Apr;117(1):61–70. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
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  22. Preferential activation by galanin 1-15 fragment of the GalR1 protomer of a GalR1-GalR2 heteroreceptor complex. Borroto-Escuela DO, Narvaez M, Di Palma M, Calvo F, Rodriguez D, Millon C, et al. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2014 Sep 26;452(3):347–53. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
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  24. Central injection of GalR1 agonist M617 facilitates GLUT4 expression in cardiac muscle of type 2 diabetic rats. Fang P, Shi M, Zhu Y, Zhang Z, Bo P. Exp Gerontol. 2015 May;65:85–9. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  25. Regulation of glucose and insulin release following acute and repeated treatment with the synthetic galanin analog NAX-5055. Flynn SP, White HS. Neuropeptides. 2015 Apr;50:35–42. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
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