Prostaglandin signaling (WP5088)
Homo sapiens
Prostaglandins are among the many inflammatory mediators that incite a cytokine storm in COVID-19 after bradykinin receptor B1 (BDKRB1) activation. This pathway mainly focuses on PGE2 and PGI2 and their interactions that lead to hyperinflammation via cytokine storms, immunothrombosis, and recruitment of fibrosis-mediating factors (VEGF, TGFB1, AREG). These pathways take place in multiple cell types, e.g. monocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts, Th17 cells, and Nk cells.
For a description of pathway objects, see the WikiPathways Legend.
Authors
Aria Jadhav , Marvin Martens , Eric Weitz , and Egon WillighagenActivity
Discuss this pathway
Check for ongoing discussions or start your own.
Cited In
- Identifying Drug-Induced Liver Injury Associated With Inflammation-Drug and Drug-Drug Interactions in Pharmacologic Treatments for COVID-19 by Bioinformatics and System Biology Analyses: The Role of Pregnane X Receptor (2022).
- Investigating Transcriptional Age Acceleration in Inflammatory Skin Diseases.
- Central nervous system and systemic inflammatory networks associated with acute neurological outcomes in COVID-19 (2025).
- Glypican-3 regulated epithelial mesenchymal transformation-related genes in osteosarcoma: based on comprehensive tumor microenvironment profiling (2025).
Are you planning to include this pathway in your next publication? See How to Cite and add a link here to your paper once it's online.
Organisms
Homo sapiensCommunities
ONTOXAnnotations
Pathway Ontology
prostaglandin I2 signaling pathway prostaglandin E2 signaling pathwayCell Type Ontology
macrophage fibroblast plasmacytoid dendritic cell T-helper 17 cell natural killer cell monocyteDisease Ontology
COVID-19Label | Type | Compact URI | Comment |
---|---|---|---|
cAMP | Metabolite | hmdb:HMDB0000058 | |
Ca2+ efflux | Metabolite | chebi:29108 | |
Prostaglandin E2 | Metabolite | cas:363-24-6 | |
Prostaglandin I2 | Metabolite | cas:35121-78-9 | |
IP-activated cAMP | Metabolite | hmdb:HMDB0000058 | |
pro-IL1B | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000125538 | |
IRF7 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000185507 | |
IFNA1 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000197919 | |
VEGFA | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000112715 | |
IL6 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000136244 | |
CSF1 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000184371 | |
MMP9 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000100985 | |
IL17A | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000112115 | |
IL8 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000169429 | |
IL1B | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000125538 | |
CCL2 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000108691 | |
CXCL1 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000163739 | |
AREG | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000109321 | |
TGFB1 | GeneProduct | hgnc.symbol:TGFB1 | |
IL17F | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000112116 | |
IL12A | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000168811 | |
CXCL9 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000138755 | |
CXCL10 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000169245 | |
NFKB1 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000109320 | |
TNF | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000232810 | |
IL1A | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000115008 | |
CCL3 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000277632 | |
ASC | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000103490 | |
NLRP3 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000162711 | |
pro-CASP1 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000137752 | |
CCR2 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000121807 | |
PI3K | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000105851 | |
CD28 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000178562 | |
CASP1 | GeneProduct | ensembl:ENSG00000137752 | |
PTGER2 | Protein | uniprot:G3V2Y6 | 'Prostaglandin E2 receptor' originally |
PTGER4 | Protein | ensembl:ENSG00000171522 | 'Prostaglandin E receptor 4' originally |
PKA | Protein | kegg.genes:EC 2.7.11.11 | |
AHR | Protein | ensembl:ENSG00000106546 | |
IFNG | Protein | hgnc.symbol:IFNG | |
Natural killer cells antigen CD94 | Protein | uniprot:E9PCX9 | |
PTGES | Protein | uniprot:O14684 | 'Prostaglandin E synthase' originally |
PTGER2 | Protein | uniprot:P43116 | 'Prostaglandin E2 receptor' originally |
References
- Regulation by PGE2 of the production of interleukin-6, macrophage colony stimulating factor, and vascular endothelial growth factor in human synovial fibroblasts. Inoue H, Takamori M, Shimoyama Y, Ishibashi H, Yamamoto S, Koshihara Y. Br J Pharmacol. 2002 May;136(2):287–95. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Signaling through the prostaglandin I2 receptor IP protects against respiratory syncytial virus-induced illness. Hashimoto K, Graham BS, Geraci MW, FitzGerald GA, Egan K, Zhou W, et al. J Virol. 2004 Oct;78(19):10303–9. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Prostaglandin E2 induces the expression of functional inhibitory CD94/NKG2A receptors in human CD8+ T lymphocytes by a cAMP-dependent protein kinase A type I pathway. Zeddou M, Greimers R, de Valensart N, Nayjib B, Tasken K, Boniver J, et al. Biochem Pharmacol. 2005 Sep 1;70(5):714–24. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Prostacyclin-IP signaling and prostaglandin E2-EP2/EP4 signaling both mediate joint inflammation in mouse collagen-induced arthritis. Honda T, Segi-Nishida E, Miyachi Y, Narumiya S. J Exp Med. 2006 Feb 20;203(2):325–35. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Peptidoglycan-induced IL-6 production in RAW 264.7 macrophages is mediated by cyclooxygenase-2, PGE2/PGE4 receptors, protein kinase A, I kappa B kinase, and NF-kappa B. Chen BC, Liao CC, Hsu MJ, Liao YT, Lin CC, Sheu JR, et al. J Immunol. 2006 Jul 1;177(1):681–93. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Prostaglandin E2 regulates Th17 cell differentiation and function through cyclic AMP and EP2/EP4 receptor signaling. Boniface K, Bak-Jensen KS, Li Y, Blumenschein WM, McGeachy MJ, McClanahan TK, et al. J Exp Med. 2009 Mar 16;206(3):535–48. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Prostaglandin E2 inhibits IFN-alpha secretion and Th1 costimulation by human plasmacytoid dendritic cells via E-prostanoid 2 and E-prostanoid 4 receptor engagement. Fabricius D, Neubauer M, Mandel B, Schütz C, Viardot A, Vollmer A, et al. J Immunol. 2010 Jan 15;184(2):677–84. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Prostaglandin I2-IP signaling promotes Th1 differentiation in a mouse model of contact hypersensitivity. Nakajima S, Honda T, Sakata D, Egawa G, Tanizaki H, Otsuka A, et al. J Immunol. 2010 May 15;184(10):5595–603. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Activation of the EP₄ prostanoid receptor induces prostaglandin E₂ and pro-inflammatory cytokine production in human airway epithelial cells. Li T, Qi J, Cowley EA. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2011 Feb;24(1):42–8. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Tumour-loaded α-type 1-polarized dendritic cells from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia produce a superior NK-, NKT- and CD8+ T cell-attracting chemokine profile. Gustafsson K, Junevik K, Werlenius O, Holmgren S, Karlsson-Parra A, Andersson PO. Scand J Immunol. 2011 Sep;74(3):318–26. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE (2)) suppresses natural killer cell function primarily through the PGE(2) receptor EP4. Holt D, Ma X, Kundu N, Fulton A. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2011 Nov;60(11):1577–86. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Inflammation-restraining effects of prostaglandin E2 on natural killer-dendritic cell (NK-DC) interaction are imprinted during DC maturation. Van Elssen CHMJ, Vanderlocht J, Oth T, Senden-Gijsbers BLMG, Germeraad WTV, Bos GMJ. Blood. 2011 Sep 1;118(9):2473–82. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Prostaglandin I2 signaling drives Th17 differentiation and exacerbates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Zhou W, Dowell DR, Huckabee MM, Newcomb DC, Boswell MG, Goleniewska K, et al. PLoS One. 2012;7(5):e33518. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Prostaglandin E₂ promotes Th1 differentiation via synergistic amplification of IL-12 signalling by cAMP and PI3-kinase. Yao C, Hirata T, Soontrapa K, Ma X, Takemori H, Narumiya S. Nat Commun. 2013;4:1685. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Synovial fibroblasts directly induce Th17 pathogenicity via the cyclooxygenase/prostaglandin E2 pathway, independent of IL-23. Paulissen SMJ, van Hamburg JP, Davelaar N, Asmawidjaja PS, Hazes JMW, Lubberts E. J Immunol. 2013 Aug 1;191(3):1364–72. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- IL-6-mediated induction of matrix metalloproteinase-9 is modulated by JAK-dependent IL-10 expression in macrophages. Kothari P, Pestana R, Mesraoua R, Elchaki R, Khan KMF, Dannenberg AJ, et al. J Immunol. 2014 Jan 1;192(1):349–57. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Prostaglandin E2 Induces IL-6 and IL-8 Production by the EP Receptors/Akt/NF-κB Pathways in Nasal Polyp-Derived Fibroblasts. Cho JS, Han IH, Lee HR, Lee HM. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2014 Sep;6(5):449–57. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Prostaglandin E2 inhibits neutrophil extracellular trap formation through production of cyclic AMP. Shishikura K, Horiuchi T, Sakata N, Trinh DA, Shirakawa R, Kimura T, et al. Br J Pharmacol. 2016 Jan;173(2):319–31. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Macrophages in Tissue Repair, Regeneration, and Fibrosis. Wynn TA, Vannella KM. Immunity. 2016 Mar 15;44(3):450–62. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- The Induction of Pro-IL-1β by Lipopolysaccharide Requires Endogenous Prostaglandin E2 Production. Zasłona Z, Pålsson-McDermott EM, Menon D, Haneklaus M, Flis E, Prendeville H, et al. J Immunol. 2017 May 1;198(9):3558–64. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Prostaglandin E2 stimulates adaptive IL-22 production and promotes allergic contact dermatitis. Robb CT, McSorley HJ, Lee J, Aoki T, Yu C, Crittenden S, et al. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018 Jan;141(1):152–62. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Prostaglandin I2 suppresses the development of diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in mice. Kumei S, Yuhki KI, Kojima F, Kashiwagi H, Imamichi Y, Okumura T, et al. FASEB J. 2018 May;32(5):2354–65. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- T cell-intrinsic prostaglandin E2-EP2/EP4 signaling is critical in pathogenic TH17 cell-driven inflammation. Lee J, Aoki T, Thumkeo D, Siriwach R, Yao C, Narumiya S. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2019 Feb;143(2):631–43. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Prostaglandin-cytokine crosstalk in chronic inflammation. Yao C, Narumiya S. Br J Pharmacol. 2019 Feb;176(3):337–54. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus ORF3a protein activates the NLRP3 inflammasome by promoting TRAF3-dependent ubiquitination of ASC. Siu KL, Yuen KS, Castaño-Rodriguez C, Ye ZW, Yeung ML, Fung SY, et al. FASEB J. 2019 Aug;33(8):8865–77. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression. Mehta P, McAuley DF, Brown M, Sanchez E, Tattersall RS, Manson JJ, et al. Lancet. 2020 Mar 28;395(10229):1033–4. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Transcriptomic characteristics of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and peripheral blood mononuclear cells in COVID-19 patients. Xiong Y, Liu Y, Cao L, Wang D, Guo M, Jiang A, et al. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2020 Dec;9(1):761–70. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Single-cell landscape of bronchoalveolar immune cells in patients with COVID-19. Liao M, Liu Y, Yuan J, Wen Y, Xu G, Zhao J, et al. Nat Med. 2020 Jun;26(6):842–4. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Heightened Innate Immune Responses in the Respiratory Tract of COVID-19 Patients. Zhou Z, Ren L, Zhang L, Zhong J, Xiao Y, Jia Z, et al. Cell Host Microbe. 2020 Jun 10;27(6):883-890.e2. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, prostaglandins, and COVID-19. Robb CT, Goepp M, Rossi AG, Yao C. Br J Pharmacol. 2020 Nov;177(21):4899–920. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia