ATM signaling pathway (WP3221)

Bos taurus

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Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) is a highly pleiotropic, autosomal recessive disease that leads to multisystem defects and has an intricate cellular phenotype, all linked to the functional inactivation of a single gene. Extensive research on the phenotype and the recent discovery and cloning of the responsible gene point to a defect as a central biochemical locus which links several signal transduction pathways that operate under stress as well as in normal physiological conditions. Ataxia is the first symptom in all patients and is predominantly truncal, first manifested in swaying of the head and trunk on standing and even sitting. Truncal ataxia precedes appendicular cerebellar disease. In the first years of life, certain manifestations are present such as dysarthria, muscular hypotonia, the slow initiation and performance of all voluntary movements, characteristic hypotonic facies and postures, and drooling. Dyssynergia and intention tremor of the upper extremities become a major feature after the fifth year of life. The tendon reflexes are diminished or lost, but may be normal or even hyperactive in the early stages. All these observations show a clear ataxia of cerebellar type, initially of station and gait, and later of intention. Early observations of brains from patients with A-T showed neurodegenerative changes, particularly in the Purkinje and granular cells of the cerebellum. Neuronal degeneration is also present in the brainstem, and dentate and olivary nuclei atrophy. Neuronal loss occurs in the substantial nigra and oculomotor nuclei, dorsal root ganglia, and degenerative changes are evident in spinal motor neurons, and dorsal root and sympathetic motor neurons. Moreover, multiple abnormalities in Purkinje cell development have been observed in an Atm-deficient mouse model. Misplaced Purkinje cells have been observed in both the granular and molecular cell layers. In addition, Purkinje cell dendrites tend to grow laterally instead of extending towards the surface of the cerebellum. ATM (for Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated) has been located by restriction-fragment length polymorphism in the chromosome 11, location: 108,093,211-108,239,829. Interestingly, the site of ATM is the same or adjacent to the region occupied by CD3 (Antigen, Delta subunit), THY1 (T-Cell antigen), and NCAM (Cell Adhesion Molecule, Neural, 1) genes, all of which are members of the immunoglobulin-gene superfamily and consequently may be subject to the same defect that afflicts the T-cell receptor and immunoglobulin molecules in A-T. The ATM gene presents an open reading frame (ORF) of 9,165 kb cDNA and is constituted by 66 exons spread over 150 kb of genomic DNA which has a transcript of 12 kb. The ORF of this transcript predicts a 370-kDa protein composed of 3056 amino acids. Over 300 mutations have been found in A-T patients, distributed across the full length (150 kb of genomic DNA) of the ATM gene. Sequence homology indicates that the atm gene product falls into a family of proteins that are related to the catalytic subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase). This family includes TEL1, MEC1, TOR1, and TOR2 of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, RAD3 of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, and MEI-41 of Drosophila melanogaster. The mammalian family member most closely related to ATM is the ATR/FRP1 protein and, like its yeast homologs, it mediates cellular responses to unreplicated or damaged DNA. In humans the PI 3-kinase family includes the catalytic subunit of the DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PKcs) and FRAP. These sequence homologies appear to reflect functional homology because many of the PI 3-kinase family members are involved in DNA repair, recombination and cell cycle control. Despite the resemblance to lipid kinases, members of this family, including ATM, possess a serine/threonine protein kinase activity, which is wortmannin sensitive. ATM phosphoprotein is ubiquitously expressed and predominantly found in nuclei of proliferating cells, but subcellular fractionation and immunofluorescence revealed that 10-20% of the protein is present in cytoplasmic vesicles, including peroxisomes and endosomes and a prominent cytoplasmic fraction in mouse oocytes. ATM is endosome-bound in mouse neurons, suggesting molecular sorting of the protein occurs in the cytoplasm. In Purkinje cells, distribution of ATM protein is primarily in cytoplasm, and this may be related to the differentiation state of the cells. ATM mRNA is present in all human and mouse tissues. In situ hybridization shows that ATM mRNA is expressed throughout the whole mouse embryo. Furthermore, ATM has been associated with beta-adaptin in lymphoblast vesicles indicating that it may play a role in intracellular vesicle and/or protein transport mechanisms. No obvious nuclear localization signals have been detected in ATM. Neither an ectopically expressed N-terminal fragment of the protein nor a C-terminal fragment is capable of entering the nucleus.

Authors

Martina Summer-Kutmon , Alex Pico , Egon Willighagen , and Eric Weitz

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Organisms

Bos taurus

Communities

Annotations

Pathway Ontology

altered apoptotic cell death pathway aging pathway altered DNA repair pathway ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) signaling pathway

Participants

Label Type Compact URI Comment
CDC25A GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000009586 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = En:ENSG00000164045
CCNB1 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000014239 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:891
GADD45A GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000013860 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:1647
CREB1 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000005474 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:1385
CDKN1A GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000008353 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = En:ENSG00000124762
TP73 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000005812 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = En:ENSG00000078900
CDC25C GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000005293 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = En:ENSG00000158402
CDK1 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000010109 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = En:ENSG00000170312
ATM GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000003111 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = En:ENSG00000149311
RAD9A GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000012141 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = En:ENSG00000172613
PIDD1 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000019634 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = En:ENSG00000177595
RAD51 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000002918 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = En:ENSG00000051180
CDK1 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000010109 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:983
RIPK1 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000006378 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = S:Q13546
CCNE1 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000004735 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = S:F6KX26
ABL1 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000017976 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = En:ENSG00000097007
MAPK9 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000004709 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = En:ENSG00000050748
MDM4 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000006255 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = S:O15151
TP53 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000001069 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = En:ENSG00000141510
CRADD GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000005107 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = S:P78560
CASP2 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000018159 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = S:P42575
ATF2 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000002295 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = En:ENSG00000115966
JUN GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000004037 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = En:ENSG00000177606
TP53BP1 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000021304 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = En:ENSG00000067369
CHEK2 Protein ensembl:ENSBTAG00000004956 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = S:O96017
SMC1A Protein ensembl:ENSBTAG00000017761 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = S:Q14683
AP3B2 Protein ensembl:ENSBTAG00000008495 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = S:Q13367
H2AFX Protein ensembl:ENSBTAG00000038047 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = S:P16104
TLK1 Protein ensembl:ENSBTAG00000006918 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = S:Q9UKI8
BIKBA Protein ensembl:ENSBTAG00000016683 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = S:P25963
CHEK1 Protein ensembl:ENSBTAG00000017582 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = S:O14757
BRCA1 Protein ensembl:ENSBTAG00000022520 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = S:P38398
FANCD2 Protein ensembl:ENSBTAG00000010077 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = S:Q9BXW9
MDM2 Protein ensembl:ENSBTAG00000010422 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = S:Q00987
CDK2 Protein ensembl:ENSBTAG00000004021 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = S:P24941
MDC1 Protein ensembl:ENSBTAG00000025526 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = S:Q14676
BID2 Protein ensembl:ENSBTAG00000013988 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = S:P55957
MRE11A Protein ensembl:ENSBTAG00000008925 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = S:P49959
NBN Protein ensembl:ENSBTAG00000013225 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = S:O60934
RAD50 Protein ensembl:ENSBTAG00000011252 HomologyConvert: Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = S:Q92878

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