Carbon assimilation C4 pathway (WP1493)
Zea mays
C4 carbon fixation is the CO2 fixation mechanism used by the maize plant which harbors a kranz anatomy in its leaves. In maize it is carried out in two types of cells namely the mesophyll cell where Carbonic anhydrase fixes diffused CO2 to HCO3 and the enzyme PEP carboxylase converts HCO3 into oxaloacetic acid. Malate dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of oxaloacetic acid into malate in the mesophyll chloroplast. Malate is transported to the bundle sheath cell cytoplasm followed by the bundle sheath chloroplast where it is broken down into pyruvate and the CO2. This CO2 molecule is now fixed into 3-phosphoglycerate molecule by the active Rubisco enzyme. This process is different from the C3-carbon assimilation in rice which occurs only in the bundle sheath cells.
Authors
Pankaj Jaiswal , Alex Pico , Kristina Hanspers , Martina Summer-Kutmon , and Lars WillighagenActivity
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Organisms
Zea maysCommunities
Annotations
Pathway Ontology
carbon fixation pathwayLabel | Type | Compact URI | Comment |
---|---|---|---|
PO4 | Metabolite | chebi:18367 | |
ATP | Metabolite | chebi:15422 | |
dihydroxy-acetone-phosphate | Metabolite | chebi:16108 | |
NADPH | Metabolite | chebi:16474 | |
D-xylulose-5-phosphate | Metabolite | chebi:16332 | |
3-phosphoglycerate | Metabolite | chebi:17050 | |
D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate | Metabolite | chebi:29052 | |
ADP | Metabolite | chebi:16761 | |
D-ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate | Metabolite | chebi:16710 | |
HCO3 | Metabolite | chebi:17544 | |
Oxaloacetic acid | Metabolite | chebi:30744 | OAA |
CO2 | Metabolite | chebi:16526 | |
Malate | Metabolite | chebi:15595 | |
H+ | Metabolite | chebi:15378 | |
D-sedophetulose-1,7-bisphosphate | Metabolite | chebi:17969 | |
Pyruvate | Metabolite | chebi:15361 | |
H2O | Metabolite | chebi:15377 | |
NADP | Metabolite | chebi:18009 | |
D-fructose-6-phosphate | Metabolite | chebi:15946 | |
1,3-diphosphateglycerate | Metabolite | cas:1981-49-3 | |
L-Glutamate | Metabolite | chebi:29988 | |
2-Ketoglutaric acid | Metabolite | chebi:30915 | 2-oxoglutaric acid |
L-Aspartate | Metabolite | chebi:29993 | OAA |
Mg2+ | Metabolite | chebi:18420 | |
AMP | Metabolite | chebi:16027 | |
Phosphoenolpyruvate | Metabolite | chebi:18021 | PEP |
D-ribose-5-phosphate | Metabolite | chebi:16988 | |
D-sedoheptulose-7-phosphate | Metabolite | chebi:15721 | |
D-erythrose-4-phosphate | Metabolite | chebi:16897 | |
PPi | Metabolite | chebi:29888 | |
D-fructose-1,6-phosphate | Metabolite | chebi:16905 | |
D-ribulose-5-phosphate | Metabolite | chebi:17363 | |
fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase | GeneProduct | eccode:3.1.3.11 | |
Triosephosphate isomerase | GeneProduct | eccode:5.3.1.1 | |
NADP-malic enzyme | GeneProduct | eccode:1.1.1.40 | |
phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (ATP) | GeneProduct | eccode:4.1.1.49 | PEPCK |
Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase | GeneProduct | eccode:5.3.1.6 | |
Aspartate aminotransferase | GeneProduct | eccode:2.6.1.1 | ASPTS |
Phosphoglycerate kinase | GeneProduct | eccode:2.7.2.3 | |
Transketolase | GeneProduct | eccode:2.2.1.1 | |
Active Pyruvate, phosphate dikinase | GeneProduct | eccode:2.7.9.1 | Active PPDK found in light conditions has a phosphorylated Histitine and a hydroxy Threonine residue. |
Inactive Pyruvate, phosphate dikinase | GeneProduct | eccode:2.7.9.1 | Inactive PPDK found in dark conditions has a phosphorylated Histitine and a phosphorylated threonine residue. |
Carbonic anhydrase | GeneProduct | eccode:4.2.1.1 | CA |
Phosphoenol Pyruvate (PEP) Carboxylase | GeneProduct | eccode:4.1.1.31 | PEPCase |
Sedoheptulose 1,7-bisphosphatase | GeneProduct | eccode:3.1.3.37 | |
Aldolase | GeneProduct | eccode:4.1.2. | |
NAD(P)-dependent Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase | GeneProduct | eccode:1.2.1.59 | |
fructose-bisphosphate aldolase | GeneProduct | eccode:4.1.2.13 | |
Malate dehydrogenase (NADP) | GeneProduct | eccode:1.1.1.82 | |
Ribulose phosphate 3-epimerase | GeneProduct | eccode:5.1.3.1 | |
Phosphoribulokinase | GeneProduct | eccode:2.7.1.19 | Also called as ribulose 5-phosphate kinase |
GRMZM2G414528 | GeneProduct | :GRMZM2G414528 | |
GRMZM2G121878 | GeneProduct | :GRMZM2G121878 | |
GRMZM2G094165 | GeneProduct | :GRMZM2G094165 | |
GRMZM2G348512 | GeneProduct | :GRMZM2G348512 | |
GRMZM2G109708 | GeneProduct | :GRMZM2G109708 | |
GRMZM2G359038 | GeneProduct | :GRMZM2G359038 | |
GRMZM2G174107 | GeneProduct | :GRMZM2G174107 | |
GRMZM2G127591 | GeneProduct | :GRMZM2G127591 | |
GRMZM2G305851 | GeneProduct | :GRMZM2G305851 | |
GRMZM2G129513 | GeneProduct | :GRMZM2G129513 | |
GRMZM2G469150 | GeneProduct | :GRMZM2G469150 | |
GRMZM2G002807 | GeneProduct | :GRMZM2G002807 | |
GRMZM2G007263 | GeneProduct | :GRMZM2G007263 | |
GRMZM2G092678 | GeneProduct | :GRMZM2G092678 | |
GRMZM2G083016 | GeneProduct | :GRMZM2G083016 | |
GRMZM2G011507 | GeneProduct | :GRMZM2G011507 | |
GRMZM2G097457 | GeneProduct | :GRMZM2G097457 | |
GRMZM2G013900 | GeneProduct | :GRMZM2G013900 | |
GRMZM2G001696 | GeneProduct | :GRMZM2G001696 | |
GRMZM2G146677 | GeneProduct | :GRMZM2G146677 | |
GRMZM2G071423 | GeneProduct | :GRMZM2G071423 | |
GRMZM2G138258 | GeneProduct | :GRMZM2G138258 | |
GRMZM2G077222 | GeneProduct | :GRMZM2G077222 | |
GRMZM2G162282 | GeneProduct | :GRMZM2G162282 | |
GRMZM2G162200 | GeneProduct | :GRMZM2G162200 | |
GRMZM2G039345 | GeneProduct | :GRMZM2G039345 | |
GRMZM2G113033 | GeneProduct | :GRMZM2G113033 | |
GRMZM2G098520 | GeneProduct | :GRMZM2G098520 | |
GRMZM2G085019 | GeneProduct | :GRMZM2G085019 | |
GRMZM2G122479 | GeneProduct | :GRMZM2G122479 | |
GRMZM2G051630 | GeneProduct | :GRMZM2G051630 | |
GRMZM2G134544 | GeneProduct | :GRMZM2G134544 | |
GRMZM2G042146 | GeneProduct | :GRMZM2G042146 | |
GRMZM2G030784 | GeneProduct | :GRMZM2G030784 | |
GRMZM2G018177 | GeneProduct | :GRMZM2G018177 | |
GRMZM2G337113 | GeneProduct | :GRMZM2G337113 | |
GRMZM2G039723 | GeneProduct | :GRMZM2G039723 | |
GRMZM2G155253 | GeneProduct | :GRMZM2G155253 | |
GRMZM2G046284 | GeneProduct | :GRMZM2G046284 | |
GRMZM2G066413 | GeneProduct | :GRMZM2G066413 | |
GRMZM2G104070 | GeneProduct | :GRMZM2G104070 | |
GRMZM2G166424 | GeneProduct | :GRMZM2G166424 | |
GRMZM2G026807 | GeneProduct | :GRMZM2G026807 | |
GRMZM2G178960 | GeneProduct | :GRMZM2G178960 | |
GRMZM2G026024 | GeneProduct | :GRMZM2G026024 | |
GRMZM2G162529 | GeneProduct | :GRMZM2G162529 | |
GRMZM2G033208 | GeneProduct | :GRMZM2G033208 | |
GRMZM2G306732 | GeneProduct | :GRMZM2G306732 | |
GRMZM2G095287 | GeneProduct | :GRMZM2G095287 | |
AC147602.5_FG003 | GeneProduct | :AC147602.5_FG003 | |
GRMZM2G083841 | GeneProduct | :GRMZM2G083841 |
References
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- Comparative studies on the activity of carboxylases and other enzymes in relation to the new pathway of photosynthetic carbon dioxide fixation in tropical grasses. Slack CR, Hatch MD. Biochem J. 1967 Jun;103(3):660–5. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Distribution of enzymes in mesophyll and parenchyma-sheath chloroplasts of maize leaves in relation to the C4-dicarboxylic acid pathway of photosynthesis. Slack CR, Hatch MD, Goodchild DJ. Biochem J. 1969 Sep;114(3):489–98. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Site-directed mutagenesis of maize recombinant C4-pyruvate,orthophosphate dikinase at the phosphorylatable target threonine residue. Chastain CJ, Lee ME, Moorman MA, Shameekumar P, Chollet R. FEBS Lett. 1997 Aug 11;413(1):169–73. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Further analysis of maize C(4) pyruvate,orthophosphate dikinase phosphorylation by its bifunctional regulatory protein using selective substitutions of the regulatory Thr-456 and catalytic His-458 residues. Chastain CJ, Botschner M, Harrington GE, Thompson BJ, Mills SE, Sarath G, et al. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2000 Mar 1;375(1):165–70. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Maize C4 and non-C4 NADP-dependent malic enzymes are encoded by distinct genes derived from a plastid-localized ancestor. Tausta SL, Coyle HM, Rothermel B, Stiefel V, Nelson T. Plant Mol Biol. 2002 Nov;50(4–5):635–52. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
- Functional differentiation of bundle sheath and mesophyll maize chloroplasts determined by comparative proteomics. Majeran W, Cai Y, Sun Q, van Wijk KJ. Plant Cell. 2005 Nov;17(11):3111–40. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
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- Reconstruction of metabolic pathways, protein expression, and homeostasis machineries across maize bundle sheath and mesophyll chloroplasts: large-scale quantitative proteomics using the first maize genome assembly. Friso G, Majeran W, Huang M, Sun Q, van Wijk KJ. Plant Physiol. 2010 Mar;152(3):1219–50. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
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