NAD salvage pathway III (WP2488)

Escherichia coli

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In addition to de novo synthesis of NAD (NAD biosynthesis II (from tryptophan)) and regeneration from nicotinamide degradation products and extracellular nicotinate (NAD salvage pathway I), yeast posseses an additional route for synthesizing NAD, called the nicotinamide riboside salvage pathway [Bieganowsk04]. In this pathway 1-(β-D ribofuranosyl)nicotinamide is converted to β-nicotinamide D-ribonucleotide and subsequently to NAD+, in reactions catalyzed by the enzymes nicotinamide riboside kinase and nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase [Bieganowsk04]. Bacteria that lack the enzymes for de novo NAD biosynthesis are able to convert extracellular NAD to less polar degradation products, which are then imported into the cell and processed back to NAD via 1-(β-D ribofuranosyl)nicotinamide (see NAD salvage pathway II) [Bieganowsk04]. However, the genes that those bacteria utilize to convert the extracellular NAD into 1-(β-D ribofuranosyl)nicotinamide have not been identified in fungi or animals, which may have only the later part of the pathway, as described here [Bieganowsk04].

Authors

Cizar and Alex Pico

Activity

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Organisms

Escherichia coli

Communities

Annotations

Pathway Ontology

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide biosynthetic pathway purine salvage pathway pyridine nucleotide biosynthetic pathway

Participants

Label Type Compact URI Comment
Adenosinetriphosphate Metabolite hmdb:HMDB0000538
Nicotinamideriboside Metabolite hmdb:HMDB0000855
Nicotinamide ribotide Metabolite hmdb:HMDB0000229
Hydrogen Ion Metabolite hmdb:HMDB0059597
ADP Metabolite hmdb:HMDB0001341
Pyrophosphate Metabolite hmdb:HMDB0000250
NAD Metabolite hmdb:HMDB0000902
nadR GeneProduct ensembl:EBESCG00000001171

References

  1. Recognition of a gene involved in the regulation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide biosynthesis. Tritz GJ, Chandler JL. J Bacteriol. 1973 Apr;114(1):128–36. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  2. The study of deafness in patients with facioscapulohumeral dystrophy. Sánchez-Alcón MD, Pérez Garrigues H, Vílchez J, Casanova B, Morera C. Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp. 1994;45(2):79–82. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  3. The Escherichia coli NadR regulator is endowed with nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase activity. Raffaelli N, Lorenzi T, Mariani PL, Emanuelli M, Amici A, Ruggieri S, et al. J Bacteriol. 1999 Sep;181(17):5509–11. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  4. Ribosylnicotinamide kinase domain of NadR protein: identification and implications in NAD biosynthesis. Kurnasov OV, Polanuyer BM, Ananta S, Sloutsky R, Tam A, Gerdes SY, et al. J Bacteriol. 2002 Dec;184(24):6906–17. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  5. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a metabolic regulator of transcription, longevity and disease. Lin SJ, Guarente L. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2003 Apr;15(2):241–6. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  6. Calorie restriction extends yeast life span by lowering the level of NADH. Lin SJ, Ford E, Haigis M, Liszt G, Guarente L. Genes Dev. 2004 Jan 1;18(1):12–6. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  7. Discoveries of nicotinamide riboside as a nutrient and conserved NRK genes establish a Preiss-Handler independent route to NAD+ in fungi and humans. Bieganowski P, Brenner C. Cell. 2004 May 14;117(4):495–502. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  8. Evolution of the NadR regulon in Enterobacteriaceae. Gerasimova AV, Gelfand MS. J Bioinform Comput Biol. 2005 Aug;3(4):1007–19. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  9. The genetic basis of parallel and divergent phenotypic responses in evolving populations of Escherichia coli. Ostrowski EA, Woods RJ, Lenski RE. Proc Biol Sci. 2008 Feb 7;275(1632):277–84. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia