Insulin signaling (WP966)

Bos taurus

Insulin signaling influences energy metabolism as well as growth. The presence of insulin signals the fed state, and this signal is passed via the AKT branch, which leads to the uptake of glucose from the blood. Other branches of the signal cascade lead to cell growth and differentation.

Authors

Zahra Roudbari , Martina Summer-Kutmon , and Eric Weitz

Activity

last edited

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Cited In

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Organisms

Bos taurus

Communities

Annotations

Pathway Ontology

insulin signaling pathway

Participants

Label Type Compact URI Comment
STXBP2 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000009178 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:6813
PIK3CD GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000018984 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5293
PIK3C3 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000026290 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5289
CYTH3 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000007384 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:9265
PTPRF GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000000253 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5792
RAC1 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000009233 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5879
GSK3B GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000048057 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:2932
MINK1 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000004907 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:50488
GRB2 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000004736 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:2885
SHC3 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000011375 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:53358
IRS1 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000021308 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:3667
SLC2A1 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000009617 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:6513
RPS6KA4 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000039153 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:8986
IKBKB GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000007599 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:3551
MAP4K4 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000013023 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:9448
SOCS3 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000008441 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:9021
PRKCH GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000003276 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5583
KIF5B GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000002280 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:3799
EHD2 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000021191 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:30846
ARF6 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000045980 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:382
GYG1 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000001721 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:2992
AKT2 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000001400 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:208
SRF GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000012777 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:6722
MAP3K2 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000004216 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:10746
RAB4A GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000018857 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5867
PRKCD GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000008719 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5580
AKT1 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000017636 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:207
CAP1 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000013363 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:10487
RHEB GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000031861 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:6009
PFKM GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000000286 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5213
STXBP1 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000003525 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:6812
MAPK12 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000019574 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:6300
PIK3R1 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000010989 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5295
MAP3K5 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000009065 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:4217
IRS2 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000012019 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:8660
PIK3C2G GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000020715 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5288
PIK3R2 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000002350 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5296
MAPK10 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000020048 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5602
MAP3K3 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000008151 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:4215
MAP4K1 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000021145 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:11184
MAPK3 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000016156 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5595
RPS6KA3 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000017639 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:6197
PTEN GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000009498 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5728
ELK1 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000015817 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:2002
SHC1 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000019838 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:6464
CRK GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000005665 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:1398
TRIB3 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000017007 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:57761
STXBP4 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000018713 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:252983
RPS6KA6 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000002015 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:27330
INSR GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000012687 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:3643
XBP1 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000005970 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:7494
FOXO1 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000044105 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:2308
EIF4EBP1 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000027654 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:1978
TBC1D4 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000005760 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:9882
PRKCB GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000020921 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5579
MAP2K7 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000010639 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5609
RPS6KB2 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000009175 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:6199
SOS1 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000011643 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:6654
RAC2 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000011043 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5880
FOS GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000004322 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:2353
PIK3CG GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000020848 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5294
RRAD GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000013929 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:6236
PIK3CA GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000009232 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = En:ENSG00000121879
IRS4 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000006535 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:8471
SGK3 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000013284 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:23678
SH2B2 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000009691 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:10603
MAPK13 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000010007 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5603
GYS1 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000039958 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:2997
TSC2 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000020617 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:7249
PIK3CB GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000006909 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5291
EHD1 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000007361 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:10938
MAP3K1 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000013790 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:4214
MAP4K3 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000016442 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:8491
ENPP1 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000021830 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5167
MAP2K6 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000001609 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5608
ARHGAP33 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000009714 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:115703
SLC2A4 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000009190 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:6517
MAP3K8 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000011600 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:1326
PFKL GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000010658 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5211
TSC1 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000005190 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:7248
MAP3K12 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000020758 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:7786
RPS6KA5 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000010906 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:9252
STX4 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000007523 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:6810
IGF1R GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000021527 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:3480
PRKCZ GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000014119 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5590
SNAP25 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000008323 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:6616
MAP2K4 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000012103 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:6416
GRB14 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000019291 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:2888
PRKCQ GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000010664 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5588
RPS6KA1 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000014447 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:6195
MAPK7 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000001014 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5598
RPS6KA2 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000021741 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:6196
MAPK14 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000020783 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:1432
RPS6KB1 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000016851 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:6198
RHOQ GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000013749 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:23433
MAP3K11 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000004114 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:4296
PRKAA2 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000018747 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5563
SNAP23 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000005661 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:8773
PTPN1 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000006616 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5770
MAPK8 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000007876 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5599
INPPL1 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000019167 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:3636
CBLB GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000013057 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:868
MAP3K7 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000002625 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:6885
STXBP3 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000007330 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:6814
INPP4A GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000004814 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:3631
SGK1 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000004269 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:6446
CBL GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000006817 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:867
PIK3R4 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000020787 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:30849
MAPK11 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000030182 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5600
MAPK9 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000004709 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5601
PTPN11 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000002048 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5781
GYS2 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000013333 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:2998
JUN GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000004037 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:3725
SOCS1 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000004386 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:8651
MAPK6 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000005865 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5597
EIF4E GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000009522 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:1977
SHC2 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000016072 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:25759
FLOT2 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000010073 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:2319
CBLC GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000009494 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:23624
MYO1C GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000001332 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:4641
GAB1 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000002813 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:2549
RHOJ GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000017200 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:57381
GSK3A GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000020756 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:2931
PRKCI GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000001403 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5584
PRKAA1 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000000013 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5562
SORBS1 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000002880 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:10580
SOS2 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000005550 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:6655
MAP3K13 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000017103 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:9175
PPP1R3A GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000006733 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5506
RAF1 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000004514 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5894
ARF1 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000007725 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:375
MTOR GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000015325 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:2475
PRKCA GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000001061 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5578
LIPE GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000038321 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:3991
MAP2K3 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000010576 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5606
MAPK4 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000009907 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5596
MAP4K2 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000001037 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5871
PDPK1 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000034436 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5170
HRAS GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000046644 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:3265
RAPGEF1 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000020791 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:2889
FOXO3 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000011234 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:2309
MAP2K5 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000000218 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5607
GRB10 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000017086 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:2887
EGR1 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000010069 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:1958
MAP3K10 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000017618 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:4294
VAMP2 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000003891 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:6844
PIK3C2A GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000004901 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5286
MAPK1 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000010312 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5594
FLOT1 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000009960 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:10211
PIK3CA GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000009232 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5290
MAP2K1 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000033983 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5604
MAP3K6 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000010254 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:9064
SGK2 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000021033 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:10110
MAP3K4 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000020079 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:4216
MAP3K9 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000005700 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:4293
KIF3A GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000025477 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:11127
MAP4K5 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000014792 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:11183
MAP2K2 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000024450 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:5605
MAP3K14 GeneProduct ensembl:ENSBTAG00000007084 Homology Mapping from Homo sapiens to Bos taurus: Original ID = L:9020

References

  1. A mathematical model and computer simulation study of insulin sensitive glucose transporter regulation. Quon MJ, Campfield LA. J Theor Biol. 1991 May 7;150(1):93–107. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  2. Insulin signalling. Bevan P. J Cell Sci. 2001 Apr;114(Pt 8):1429–30. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia
  3. Insulin signalling and the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. Saltiel AR, Kahn CR. Nature. 2001 Dec 13;414(6865):799–806. PubMed Europe PMC Scholia