Programmed cell death: autophagic cell death. Autophagy (self-eating) is a survival mechanism deployed by cells to cope with conditions of nutrient deprivation. However, unrestrained autophagy can result in genetically programmed cell death. Carbon nanotubes, PAMAMs, and iron oxide nanoparticles were reported to trigger autophagic cell death through the perturbation of the mTOR pathway, while gold nanoparticles may induce autophagy blockade through lysosomal impairment.Cellular Processf1fe65fa4c09fedb47f7b19516051PubMedPAMAM nanoparticles promote acute lung injury by inducing autophagic cell death through the Akt-TSC2-mTOR signaling pathway.J Mol Cell Biol2009Li CLiu HSun YWang HGuo FRao SDeng JZhang YMiao YGuo CMeng JChen XLi LLi DXu HLi BJiang C21593791PubMedA functionalized single-walled carbon nanotube-induced autophagic cell death in human lung cells through Akt-TSC2-mTOR signaling.Cell Death Dis2011Liu HLZhang YLYang NZhang YXLiu XQLi CGZhao YWang YGZhang GGYang PGuo FSun YJiang CY22720979PubMedProgrammed Cell Death: Molecular Mechanisms and Implications for Safety Assessment of Nanomaterials.Acc Chem Res2012Andón FTFadeel B22098780PubMedInduction of ROS, mitochondrial damage and autophagy in lung epithelial cancer cells by iron oxide nanoparticles.Biomaterials2012Khan MIMohammad APatil GNaqvi SAChauhan LKAhmad I21974862PubMedGold nanoparticles induce autophagosome accumulation through size-dependent nanoparticle uptake and lysosome impairment.ACS Nano2011Ma XWu YJin STian YZhang XZhao YYu LLiang XJnanomaterial response pathwayPW:0001435Pathway Ontology